History of Woman Suffrage, Volume II — Reading Companion
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WOMAN'S PATRIOTISM IN THE WAR. PAGE The first gun on Sumter, April 12, 1861--Woman's military genius--Anna Ella Carroll--The Sanitary Movement--Dr. Elizabeth Blackwell--The Hospitals--Dorothea Dix--Services on the battle-field--Clara Barton--The Freedman's Bureau--Josephine Griffing--Ladies' National Covenant--Political campaigns--Anna Dickinson--The Woman's Loyal National League--The Mammoth Petition--Anniversaries--The Thirteenth Amendment 1
CONGRESSIONAL ACTION.
First Petitions to Congress December, 1865, against the word "male" in the 14th Amendment--Joint resolutions before Congress--Messrs. Jenckes, Schenck, Broomall, and Stevens--Republicans protest in presenting petitions--The women seek aid of Democrats--James Brooks in the House of Representatives--Horace Greeley on the petitions--Caroline Healy Dall on Messrs. Jenckes and Schenck--The District of Columbia Suffrage Bill--Senator Cowan, of Pennsylvania, moved to strike out the word "male"--A three days' debate in the Senate--The final vote nine in favor of Mr. Cowan's amendment, and thirty-seven against 90
NATIONAL CONVENTIONS IN 1866-67.
The first National Woman Suffrage Convention after the war--Speeches by Ernestine L. Rose, Antoinette Brown Blackwell, Henry Ward Beecher, Frances D. Gage, Theodore Tilton, Wendell Phillips--Petitions to Congress and the Constitutional Convention--Mrs. Stanton a candidate to Congress--Anniversary of the Equal Rights Association 152
THE KANSAS CAMPAIGN--1867.
The Battle Ground of Freedom--Campaign of 1867--Liberals did not Stand by their Principles--Black Men Opposed to Woman Suffrage--Republican Press and Party Untrue--Democrats in Opposition--John Stuart Mill's Letters and Speeches Extensively Circulated--Henry B. Blackwell and Lucy Stone Opened the Campaign--Rev. Olympia Brown Followed--60,000 Tracts Distributed--Appeal Signed by Thirty-one Distinguished Men--Letters from Helen E. Starrett, Susan E. Wattles, Dr. R. S. Tenney, Lieut.-Governor J. B. Root, Rev. Olympia Brown--The Campaign closed by ex-Governor Robinson, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Susan B. Anthony, and the Hutchinson Family--Speeches and Songs at the Polls in every Ward in Leavenworth Election Day--Both Amendments lost--9,070 Votes for Woman Suffrage, 10,843 for Negro Suffrage 229
NEW YORK CONSTITUTIONAL CONVENTION.
Constitution Amended once in Twenty Years--Mrs. Stanton before the Legislature Claiming Woman's Right to Vote for Members to the Convention--An Immense Audience in the Capitol--The Convention Assembled June 4th, 1867. Twenty Thousand Petitions Presented for Striking the Word "Male" from the Constitution--"Committee on the Right of Suffrage, and the Qualifications for Holding Office" Horace Greeley, Chairman--Mr. Graves, of Herkimer, Leads the Debate in favor of Woman Suffrage--Horace Greeley's Adverse Report--Leading Advocates Heard before the Convention--Speech of George William Curtis on Striking the Word "Man" from Section 1, Article 11--Final Vote, 19 For, 125 Against--Equal Rights Anniversary of 1868 269
The Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments--Universal Suffrage and Universal Amnesty the Key-note of Reconstruction--Gerrit Smith and Wendell Phillips hesitate--A Trying Period in the Woman Suffrage Movement--Those Opposed to the word "Male" in the Fourteenth Amendment Voted Down in Conventions--The Negro's Hour--Virginia L. Minor on Suffrage in the District of Columbia--Women Advised to be Silent--The Hypocrisy of the Democrats preferable to that of the Republicans--Senator Pomeroy's Amendment--Protests against a Man's Government--Negro Suffrage a Political Necessity--Charles Sumner Opposed to the Fourteenth Amendment, but Voted for it as a Party Measure--Woman Suffrage for Utah--Discussion in the House as to who Constitute Electors--Bills for Woman Suffrage presented by the Hon. George W. Julian and Senators Wilson and Pomeroy--The Fifteenth Amendment--Anna E. Dickinson's Suggestion--Opinions of Women on the Fifteenth Amendment--The Sixteenth Amendment--Miss Anthony chosen a Delegate to the Democratic National Convention July 4, 1868--Her Address Read by a Unanimous Vote--Horatio Seymour in the Chair--Comments of the Press--_The Revolution_ 313
NATIONAL CONVENTIONS--1869.
First Convention in Washington--First hearing before Congress--Delegates Invited from Every State--Senator Pomeroy, of Kansas--Debate between Colored Men and Women--Grace Greenwood's Graphic Description--What the Members of the Convention Saw and Heard in Washington--Robert Purvis--A Western Trip--Conventions in Chicago, Milwaukee, St. Louis, Springfield, and Madison--Editorial Correspondence in _The Revolution_--Anniversaries in New York and Brooklyn--Conventions in Newport and Saratoga 345
THE NEW DEPARTURE--UNDER THE FOURTEENTH AMENDMENT.
Francis Minor's Resolutions--Hearing before Congressional Committee--Descriptions by Mrs. Fannie Howland and Grace Greenwood--Washington Convention 1870--Rev. Samuel J. May--Senator Carpenter--Professor Sprague, of Cornell University--Notes of Mrs. Hooker--May Anniversary in New York--The Fifth Avenue Conference--Second Decade Celebration--Washington, 1871--Victoria Woodhull's Memorial--Judiciary Committee--Majority and Minority Reports--George W. Julian and A. A. Sargent in the House--May Anniversary, 1871--Washington in 1872--Senate Judiciary Committee--Benjamin F. Butler--The Sherman-Dahlgren Protest--Women in Grant and Wilson Campaign 407
NATIONAL CONVENTIONS--1873, '74, '75.
Fifth Washington Convention--Mrs. Gage on Centralization--May Anniversary in New York--Washington Convention, 1874--Frances Ellen Burr's Report--Rev. O. B. Frothingham in New York Convention--Territory of Pembina--Discussion in the Senate--Conventions in Washington and New York, 1875--Hearings before Congressional Committees 521
TRIALS AND DECISIONS.
Women Voting under the XVI. Amendment--Appeals to the Courts--Marilla M. Ricker, of New Hampshire, 1870--Nannette B. Gardner, Michigan--Sara Andrews Spencer, District of Columbia--Ellen Rand Van Valkenburgh, California--Catherine V. Waite, Illinois--Carrie S. Burnham, Pennsylvania--Sarah M. T. Huntingdon, Connecticut--Susan B. Anthony, New York--Virginia L. Minor, Missouri--Judges McKee, Jameson, Sharswood, Cartter--Associate Justice Hunt--Chief Justice Waite--Myra Bradwell--Hon. Matt. H. Carpenter--Supreme Court Decisions 586
AMERICAN WOMAN SUFFRAGE ASSOCIATION.
Volume II of the History of Woman Suffrage opens with the editors explaining that the Civil War generated new questions about citizenship, State rights, and national power that could not be ignored. They note that women's active labor during the conflict revealed how intimately State and home interests intertwine, and that only through a voice in laws could their peace efforts command consideration. The preface acknowledges that the material has swelled beyond their calculations, making a third volume inevitable.
The excerpts show the editors weaving together congressional debates, court decisions, and firsthand accounts of women attempting to vote under the XIV. Amendment. The text treats the amendment's phrase "all persons" as a deliberate inclusion of women, and records the varied judicial responses—from Judge Howe's and Judge Cartter's written opinions favoring women's citizenship to the adverse rulings that led to arrests and convictions.
Constitutional Arguments and the XIV. Amendment
The editors present the XIV. Amendment as a pivotal legal tool. They quote its definition of citizenship—"All persons born or naturalized in the United States"—and argue that no one denies this includes women. The text then lists practical examples of women exercising citizenship: pre-empting land, registering ships, obtaining passports, paying taxes, and even working out road tax. These concrete acts are used to counter the claim that suffrage is not a privilege or immunity of citizenship.
The excerpts include a speaker who asserts, "I claim to be a citizen of the United States, with all the qualifications of a voter," and points to her ability to read the Constitution, her property, and her age. The editors frame this as part of a broader argument that the XIV. Amendment, by defining citizens without limitation of sex, should secure the vote for women. They also note that the majority report of the Judiciary Committee, though adverse to Victoria Woodhull's petition, admitted women's citizenship.
Legal Challenges and Judicial Divergence
The volume records several court cases where women contested their right to vote. In Wyoming, Mr. Jones raised the question of whether legislators chosen by women could be seated, forcing the Senate to consider whether women are legal voters. The editors observe that decisions of judges "differ as widely as the capacities of men to see first principles." They cite Judge Howe, Judge Cartter, and Judge Underwood as giving written opinions in favor of women's citizenship under the XIV. and XV. Amendments.
Specific cases mentioned include Sarah Spencer against the Board of Registration and Sarah E. Webster against the superintendent of election, where the judge decided that under the XIV. Amendment women are citizens. The editors also note that women who succeeded in voting were arrested, tried, and convicted, while others were denied the right to register. This pattern of uneven enforcement and judicial disagreement is presented as evidence of the need for federal action.
The Editors' Stated Purpose and Method
The preface reveals the editors' deliberate approach: they aimed to condense twenty years of records but found that the war and Reconstruction produced "so many new questions" that they could not omit the arguments and decisions from Congress and the Supreme Courts. They describe the material as "valuable" and insist it "can not be condensed nor ignored." This explains the volume's length and its focus on legal and legislative proceedings.
The editors also position themselves as chroniclers of a movement that learned from the war. They state that women saw "how intimately the interests of the State and the home were intertwined" and that only through legislative voice could peace efforts be taken seriously. The volume thus serves not only as a record of events but as a demonstration of how political crises forced a reexamination of women's status. The excerpts show the editors letting primary sources—speeches, petitions, court rulings—carry the argument, with minimal editorial commentary.
Readers approaching this volume should expect a dense compilation of primary documents rather than a narrative history. The editors have assembled speeches, legal arguments, and correspondence that illustrate the legal reasoning of the suffrage movement during Reconstruction. Pay attention to how the editors frame each document and note the recurring emphasis on the XIV. Amendment's language. The volume is best read alongside the first and third volumes for a complete picture, but it stands as a detailed record of the constitutional debate over women's citizenship in the 1860s and 1870s.
Sometimes I think about how the suffrage volumes let us hear women arguing over what citizenship meant during the war’s chaos, and it reminded me of a quieter book I once held—the field diary of a Pennsylvania regiment, where ordinary men wrestled with the same heavy questions of duty and belonging. History of Company K. 1st (Inft,) Penn'a Reserves — Context and Discussion stays with you like that, a shared uncertainty across different battles.
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